Belon Udara Panas;Radioisotop Untuk Rawatan Kanser;Fizik

Belon Udara Panas

• Bahan yang kuat dan rendah ketumpatan (nilon)
• Tidak mudah koyak dan boleh mengurangkan jumlah berat belon

• Besar
• Untuk menyesarkan berat udara yang lebih besar

• Empat penunu
• Lebih cepat memanaskan udara di dalam belon itu

• Bakul rotan
• Bahan yang ringan,fleksibel dan selamat

Radioisotop dalam rawatan kanser tiroid

• Sinaran beta dan gama
• Sinar beta boleh disurihkan dengan menggunakan penyurih topografi dan sinar gama boleh membunuh sel barah

• 8.0 hari untuk sinar beta dan 6.0 jam untuk sinar gama
• Sinar beta kurang menembusi.Separuh hayat harus lebih panjang supaya dapat dikesan.Separuh hayat sinar gama harus lebih pendek untuk mengelakkan kerosakan sel di sekeliling sel barah

• Penyerapan yang tinggi oleh sel tiroid
• Supaya radioisotop boleh ditangkap dan dikumpulkan untuk membunuh sel barah

• Tiada penyerapan oleh sel badan lain
• Mengurangkan kerosakan pada sel normal dalam badan

Sistem Radiator Kereta,Radas Medan Elektrik;Fizik

Sistem radiator kereta

• Takat didih yang rendah
• Mudah tersejat atau bertukar menjadi wap

• Haba pendam tentu pengewapan tinggi
• Kadar haba disingkirkan menjadi cepat

• Bahan lebih kukuh dan ringan
• Tidak mudah pecah

• Mempunyai diameter lebih besar
• Boleh membawa lebih banyak bahan penyejuk

• Muatan haba tentu lebih rendah
• Konduktor haba yang baik

Radas Medan Elektrik

• Bentuk segi empat tepat
• Menghasilkan medan elektrik yang selari

• Minyak masak
• Tidak mudah meruap

• Lebih dekat
• Medan elektrik yang lebih kuat

• Sangat tinggi
• Menghasilkan beza keupayaan yang sangat tinggi merentasi elektrod

• Berjisim lebih kecil
• Bergerak dengan lebih cepat

Collective Nouns

People

• A band of musicians
• A crew of sailors
• A staff of servants
• A troupe of dancers
• A party of friends
• An audience of people
• A gang of thieves
• A posse of policemen
• A choir of singers
• An army of soldiers
• A board of directors
• A class of students
• A company of actors
• A team of players
• A panel of judges
• A tribe of natives
• A flock of tourists
• A gang of labourers
• A blast of hunters
• A faith of merchants

Animals

• A litter of kittens
• A brood of chickens
• A swarm of bees
• A flock of birds
• A school of dolphins
• A herd of elephants
• A nest of ants
• A pack of wolves
• A gaggle of geese
• A team of horses
• A pride of lions
• A troop of monkeys
• A schoal of fish
• A cast of hawks
• A muster of peacocks
• A sloth of bears
• A pack of hounds
• A zeal of zebras
• A caravan of camels
• A drove of bullocks

Things 

• A bunch of grapes
• A set of tools
• A fleet of cars
• A bale of cotton
• A pile of newspaper
• A cluster of stars
• A basket of fruits
• A row of houses
• A clump of bushes
• A pack of cards
• A suite of furniture
• A chest of drawers
• A string of pearls
• A forest of trees
• A suit of clothes
• A galaxy of stars
• A wad of notes
• A stack of wood
• A library of books
• A cloud of dust

The Living Photograph

 By:Jackie Kay

Paraphrase of the Poem

Stanza 1

The persona looks at the photograph of her grandmother.In it,the grandmother is tall and graceful.The persona remembers her grandmother's comforting hands holding hers and her sharp eyes that seem to accept death bravely.

Stanza 2

The persona recalls how her 'tall' grandmother became 'small'.Her back rounded and bent-over.The grandmother became forgetful.Eventually her grandmother slipped into that 'unknown' place(death)

Stanza 3

She will remember her grandmother as she was in the photograph,standing 'tall' and smiling her 'crinkled smile'.

Theme

Grief and loss.The persona has lost her grandmother.The 'tall' grandmother became 'small'.It was as if age had diminished her.She was hunched and had become forgetful.Eventually she died.Death would have been something the persona found hard to understand at such a young age.For the persona it was that 'unknown,unthinkable'place.The persona deals with her grief and loss by remembering the good memories she has of her grandmother,rather than the sad time before she passed away.The photograph helps her to do this.Although her grandmother is no longer with her physically,she is still very much alive in her heart, still 'living,breathing'.

Close relationship and memories between the persona and her grandmother.Although she misses her grandmother very much,she continues to have a 'relationship' with her through an old photograph.She was only three years old then but her memories of her grandmother are as fresh as ever.She sees her tall,straight-back and  still 'living' and  'breathing'.The grandmother may have passed on but she still lives in the poet's memories.

Aging and dying.This is something that is part and parcel of our life's journey.How we arrive at the finishing line is what unforgettable memories are all about.Fortunately,the persona has many happy memories of her grandmother whom she remembers as a kind soul with a crinkled smile and hands that held hers as a child.Their relationship is so strong that not even age and death can set them apart,all because of the living photograph. 

The Charge of the Light Brigade

by:Alfred,Lord Tennyson

Paraphrase of the Poem

Stanza 1

Six hundred soldiers in the Light Brigade are riding steadily towards enemy forces which are 'half a league'away.Someone gives them an order to charge forward towards the enemy cannons in a valley

Stanza 2

The poet gives us a glimpse of the soldiers'thoughts.We understand that they are not worried about the consequences although they sense that the order to charge the enemy is a mistake.It may sound foolish but as soldiers they have a duty to perform without question even if death is the ultimate end for them.Obediently,they ride into the 'valley of death'.

Stanza 3

The six hundred soldiers are bombarded on both sides and from the front.Bullets and cannon balls rain down on them.We can imagine,see and feel the atmosphere on the battlefield-cannons to the left and right firing their deadly volleys,screams of the dying soldiers,and the sound of bullets ringing in their ears.The men ride boldly forward to what is most likely certain death



Theme


The main theme is courage.Six hundred soldiers are ordered to charge at an enemy that is far superior to them in terms of number and firepower.They do not cringe with fear or question their commander.The know the futility of  the command but they are prepared to fight and die as honourable soldiers



Another theme is warfare.The poem describes the confusion,the terror and the bloodshed in war.War may sometimes be necessary but it does not make the death of the soldiers fighting in it any less tragic



Duty is a theme in the poem.The soldiers in the Light Brigade are just doing their job;they are soldiers and it is their duty to fight.That is what makes them appealing and heroic to the reader.This is also what makes their their deaths tragic.The men in the Brigade do not need to go on a suicide mission and charge their enemies,they know that,but they do it anyway.They have been given an order and it is their duty as soldiers to follow it.



The poem also deals with the theme of heroism and patriotism.The poem is a tribute to the selfless courage of the soldiers in the Light Brigade.They died fighting for their country.




Death is everywhere in this poem.The poem does not tell us how many of the brave soldiers in the Light Brigade die in this battle.But death is a constant presence,almost like a character.The valley where the charge takes place belongs to 'Death';we hear all about his jaws,and so forth.

Proverbs (Peribahasa English)

• A friend in need is a friend indeed-A friend who helps when one is in trouble is a true friend

• An apple a day keeps the doctor away-A small preventive treatment wards off serious problems

• An absence makes the  heart grow fonder-When a person is not around,you think of him with greater affection and appreciate him more

• All that glitters is not gold-Do not deceived by outward appearances

• Birds of a feather flock together-People who have similar tastes tend to group together

• Beauty is but skin deep-Beauty does'nt last and should not be over-valued

• Bury the hatchet-Forget past quarrels and enmity and become friends again

• Cut your coat according to your cloth-Live within your means

• Don't put all your eggs into one basket-Don't risk everything you have in a single venture

• Every cloud has a silver lining-There is always hope even in the depths

• Half a loaf is better than none-It is better to get something than nothing at all

• In for a penny,in for a pound-If you start something,it's better to spend the time or money necessary to complete it

• To kill the goose that lays the golden egg-To destroy the source of the income or profit

• It never rains,but it pours-Misfortunes usually come in a large number

                                                  -A rapid succession of event happening,especially misfortunes

• Robbing Peter to pay Paul-To take from one to give to another

• Those who live in glass houses should'nt throw stones-People who are open to criticism should'nt criticise others

• Make hay while the sun shines-Seize the opportunity when it presents itself.

                                                            -Take advantage of a favoureable opportunity

• There is no smoke without fire-There is usually some truth in a rumour

• Out of the frying pan into the fire-From a bad situation into a worse one

• One man's meat is another man's poison-Everyone has different tastes,likes and dislikes

• Rome was not built in a day-It takes time to achieve something good.

                                      -Good results cannot be achieved in a short time and patience is required

• Spare the rod and spoil the child-Children need to be disciplined or they will run wild and become uncontrollable

• Time and tide wait for no man-Time never stands still and once gone can never be regained,so one should not waste time

Structure Cell;Biology Chapter 2

Plasma Membrane

• The membrane on the cell surface that envelopes the content of a cell
• It is made up of  proteins and  phospholipids and is semi permeable
• It acts as a selective barrier to regulate the movement of substances like respiratory gases,nutrients and waste products in and out of the cell

Cell Wall

• It is found in plant cells only and is made up of cellulose,a tough and fibrous carbohydrate
• Its is rigit outer layer that surrounds the plasma membrane gives shape and mechanical strength to support the plant
• It has tiny pores and is permeable to all fluids in and out of the cell

Cytoplasm

• It is jelly-like matrix found between the plasma membrane and the nucleus and where the organelles are suspended
• It contains organic and inorganic substances
• It also acts as a medium for biochemical reactions in the cell

Nucleus

• It is large,dense and spherical organelle and is enclosed by a nuclear membrane
• It contains the nucleoplasm and the nucleolus which is a dark and dense spherical region
• Chromatins that carry the genetic materials in the form of DNA
• It controls all cellular activities inside the cell

Vacuoles

• A fluid-filled sac enclosed by a semi-permeable membrane called tonoplast
• The fluid called the cell sap contains water,organic acids,sugars,amino acids,mineral salts,waste materials,pigments and metabolic by-products
• In herbaceous plants,the cell sap in the vacuole prevents the plant from wilting easily
• A matured plant cell has a large vacuole whereas a young plant cell has smaller vacuoles
• In some unicellular organisms like the Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp.,they have small vacuoles which act as food storage and also helps to regulate the water balance

Mitochondrion

• It appears as a small spherical or cylindrical shaped organelle
• It contains respiratory enzymes and is a site for cellular respiration
• Food substances such as glucose are oxidised and energy is released in the form of  ATP (adenosine triphosphate)which can be readily utilised by the cell

Ribosomes

• They are compact,spherical organelles and are either attached to the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum or suspended freely in the cytoplasm
• Each ribisome contains 2 subunits,a large subunit and a small subunit,each consisting of the RNA(ribonucleic acid) and protein
• Ribosomes are the sites for protein synthesis

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• It is a network of folded membranes that forms interconnected tubes or sacs
• It's membrane is continuous with the nuclear membrane
• Two types:Rough endoplasmic reticulum

                           :Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to its surface to synthesis proteins before transporting them in vesicles

• The smooth endoplasmic reticulum doesn't have ribosomes and synthesis lipids and  detoxifies drugs and poisons and is also the site for metabolic reactions

Golgi Apparatus

• It consists of a stack of flattened membranous sacs
• It acts as a processing,packaging and transporting center for carbohydrates,proteins,glycoproteins and phospholipids
• Transport vesicles from the rough endoplasmic reticulum fuse with the membrane of the Golgi apparatus and empty the contents into it
• They are processed and the finished products are then repackaged in vesicles and are budded off from the Golgi apparatus
• The budded vesicles will then fuse with the plasma membrane to realese the contents outside the cell

Lysosomes

• They are small,spherical sacs surrounded by a single membrane containing hydrolatic enzymes which will then breakdown and digest complex molecules like proteins,lipids,polysaccharides and nucleic acids
• It also breakdown the old and worn out mitochondria and other organelles
• In certain unicellular organisms,it fuse with the food vacuoles to digest their contents and release the nutrients by the organisms

Centrioles

• They are small cylindrical structures that are arranged in pairs just outside the nucleus
• Its are composed of a complex arrangement of microtubules
• Its are only found in animal cells
• In cell division,they form the spindle fibres

Chloroplasts

• They are bi-convex shaped organelles and have double membrane
• They contain the green pigments,chlorophyll which capture light energy from the sun and convert it to chemical energy during photosynthesis